The world’s largest 300 pension funds saw their assets decline for the first time since 2018, according to this year’s Global Top 300 Pensions Funds conducted by WTW’s Thinking Ahead Institute. This drop is on par with the decline observed in 2008, occurring at a pace that has only been encountered twice in the 20-year history of this annual study.
The research highlights high-level trends in the pension fund industry and provides information on the changing composition of the top 300 list of pension funds globally as well as the characteristics and investment allocations of these pension funds.
By the end of 2022, combined assets of the world’s top 300 pension funds had decreased by 12.9% and now total $20.6 trillion compared with $23.6 trillion at the end of 2021. This represents a sharp correction compared with the 8.9% increase in the assets of the largest 300 pension funds in the previous year. The latest drop is also greater than the 12.6% decline in 2008, at the time of the global financial crisis. Until now, the 2008 fall had been the fastest annual decline recorded in the 20 years of the study.
The U.K. and Japan had the largest number of pension funds fall out of the top 300 globally. The U.K. gilts crisis of September 2022 and the ensuing market instability were significant contributing factors, as was the continuing shift from defined benefit pensions to smaller defined contribution plans.
In 2022, sovereign and public sector pension funds accounted for 152 funds in the top 300, representing 70.9% of total assets. Sovereign pension funds accounted for $6.2 trillion in assets, while sovereign wealth funds totaled $11.6 trillion. Sovereign wealth funds’ assets grew by 13.9% during 2022, compared with a decrease of 10.6% for the sovereign pension funds in the Thinking Ahead Institute top 300 study.
“We sounded a note of caution last year when reporting on a previous record. In last year’s research, we anticipated rising inflation and interest rate pressures, as well as the potential for slowing growth the following year,” said Jessica Gao, director at the Thinking Ahead Institute. “With the latest data, we have witnessed the drop in the pension assets, with a fragile global economy seeing equity and bond markets reverse previous gains.
“2022 recorded historic levels of economic uncertainty and market instability. A convergence of regime, geopolitical and systemic risks magnified in a VUCA-fest (characterised by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity), challenging pension funds to navigate and adapt within this rapidly changing environment.”
Compared to all pension funds of any size, the world’s largest 300 pension funds now represent 43.0% of the global pension assets (compared to 41.1% in 2021), according to the Thinking Ahead Institute’s annual Global Pension Assets Study which estimates global pension fund assets across 22 major pension markets (the P22).
Regionally, North America now accounts for 45.6% of assets in the world’s 300 largest pension funds, while European pension funds account for 24.1% and Asia-Pacific 26.4%.
Looking at the very largest, the assets of the top 20 pension funds decreased by 11.8% in the last year, a slight improvement compared to the 12.9% downturn observed within the top 300 funds overall. The top 20 funds accounted for 41.5% of the asset under management (AUM) in the ranking, modestly above 2021’s share of 41.0%.
The Government Pension Investment Fund of Japan (GPIF) remains the world’s largest pension fund, with AUM of US$1.4 trillion. It has ranked top since 2002. Meanwhile, the Employees’ Provident Fund of India was the only new entrant in the top 20 funds for 2022.
Gao concludes: “While market performance has improved from 2022 to 2023, we continue to proceed with a high degree of caution. Pensions schemes are operating in a new environment, where conditions are changing faster and faster each day.
“Asset owners are increasingly influenced by technological advancements and the rise of artificial intelligence. Balancing the need to catch up with asset managers’ AI-driven insights while retaining control over their investment mandates underscores the critical role of effective collaboration and strategic adaptation for AOs in an investment ecosystem with increasingly influential technologies.
“Likewise, rightsizing sustainability efforts has become a crucial balancing act, with overly ambitious commitments risking the fund’s legitimacy, and too small a commitment resulting in missed opportunities.”
Top 20 pension funds (US$ millions)
| Rank | Fund | Market | Total Assets |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Government Pension Investment | Japan | 1,448,643 |
| 2 | Government Pension Fund | Norway | 1,300,214 |
| 3 | National Pension | South Korea | 706,496 |
| 4 | Federal Retirement Thrift | U.S. | 689,858 |
| 5 | ABP | Netherlands | 490,382 |
| 6 | California Public Employees | U.S. | 432,235 |
| 7 | Canada Pension | Canada | 420,7641 |
| 8 | Central Provident Fund | Singapore | 406,711 |
| 9 | National Social Security | China | 347,2142 |
| 10 | California State Teachers | U.S. | 290,384 |
| 11 | New York State Common | U.S. | 233,227 |
| 12 | PFZW | Netherlands | 231,781 |
| 13 | New York City Retirement | U.S. | 228,170 |
| 14 | Employees Provident Fund | Malaysia | 227,781 |
| 15 | Local Government Officials | Japan | 207,145 |
| 16 | Florida State Board | U.S. | 183,092 |
| 17 | Ontario Teachers | Canada | 182,410 |
| 18 | AustralianSuper | Australia | 176,4463 |
| 19 | Texas Teachers | U.S. | 173,277 |
| 20 | Employees’ Provident | India | 158,7222 |
- As of March 31, 2023
- Estimate
- As of June 30, 2022
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